The material presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of The University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy or its co-sponsor affiliates. These materials may discuss uses and dosages for therapeutic products, processes, procedures and inferred diagnoses that have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A qualified health care professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. All readers and continuing education participants should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this continuing education activity.

Pharmacists filled 6.7 billion prescriptions in 2022 while also engaging in a growing number of other health-related services. These duties have created a challenging workplace that threatens public safety. Recent media reports have focused attention on the pharmacy workplace environment and the risk of errors. This continuing education activity will review the factors contributing to workplace stress and errors and the efforts by regulatory agencies and pharmacists to address this growing problem.

“No one recognizes the level of stress they’re putting you under. You’re filling a prescription and the phone is ringing, saying, ‘One pharmacy call, two pharmacy calls, three pharmacy calls.’ I would stand there and feel the sweat come up the back of my neck.” - Pharmacist¹

INTRODUCTION

A recent survey found that more than half of United States (U.S.) consumers worry about potential problems with their prescriptions arising from inadequately staffed pharmacies.² Half of consumers worry about receiving the wrong drug, the wrong dose, or the wrong instructions.² Similarly, a 2024 study by the American data analytics, software, and consumer intelligence company J.D. Power found that overall patient satisfaction with pharmacies has declined, especially among chains, with only mail-order pharmacies showing an improvement in patient satisfaction.³ Only 51% of respondents said their pharmacist is trustworthy.³ The most significant problem areas emerging from the study are long wait times, lower levels of customer trust in pharmacists, and difficulty in ordering prescriptions.³ On a more positive note, 97% of American consumers agree that a pharmacist should have responsibility for informing them about the safety and/or effectiveness of their medications.²

It will probably come as no surprise to readers that pharmacists also report dissatisfaction with working conditions, particularly with issues of staffing, patient aggressiveness, and lack of meaningful communication between pharmacy personnel and management.⁴ The most commonly reported root causes for the disgruntlement were inadequate staffing, the use of performance metrics, and workflow design/policies.

Media reports have described pharmacists at chain pharmacies across the U.S. expressing concern that increased demand for prescriptions, vaccines, and other services are occurring without sufficient staff to fulfill those activities, making it nearly impossible for pharmacy staff to do their jobs properly or safely.⁵ A national survey released in 2022 showed that nearly 75% of pharmacist respondents felt they did not have enough time to safely perform clinical duties and patient care. Nearly two-thirds disagreed with the statement that “employer policies facilitate my ability to safely perform patient care/clinical duties.”⁶ The report also found that three-quarters of pharmacists rated their workload as high or extremely high and that job satisfaction was at the lowest point in 20 years.⁶

Has the modern community pharmacy become a danger to the public? This continuing education activity will examine the current sentiment about the pharmacy workplace, and the perceived risk associated with the current working conditions. It will also review legal and policy changes enacted or contemplated by pharmacists, regulatory bodies, and patients to improve the environment.

THE PHARMACY ENVIRONMENT

In 2022, 6.7 billion prescriptions were dispensed in the U.S., a more than 50% increase from the nearly 4 billion prescriptions dispensed in 2009.⁷Some pharmacists may feel that they filled that many by themselves.

Currently, almost 70% of people in the U.S. between 40 and 79 years old take at least one prescription drug; 20% take five or more.⁸In addition to prescriptions, between February 2020 and September 2022, pharmacy staffs administered more than 270 million vaccines, including more than half of all COVID-19 vaccines given in the U.S.⁹ Community pharmacy teams alone accounted for approximately 45% of the total, including more than 8 million COVID-19 vaccines for long term care residents. Pharmacy staffs also provide more than 50 million influenza vaccines per year, supply in excess of 42 million COVID tests, and prescribe and dispense many antiviral medications.⁹ Interventions by pharmacy staffs during this period is conservatively estimated to have averted more than 1 million deaths, 8 million hospitalizations, and saved $450 billion in healthcare costs.⁹

While these data, highlighting pharmacists’ value, should engender a deserved sense of pride, as the opening quote illustrates, pharmacists are also are feeling stress over their workload. Pharmacists interviewed by the Chicago Tribune and the New York Times reporting on pharmacy errors related that they felt flabbergasted by pressures at the workplace to work quickly and meet quotas.^10,11As a result, a chief executive of a state pharmacy association noted that the number of complaints from members related to staffing cuts and worries about patient safety had become “overwhelming.”¹² Similarly, a survey conducted by the California State Board of Pharmacy found that 91% of chain pharmacists indicated that they lacked the staff needed to ensure adequate patient care.¹³The Kansas Board of Pharmacy found similar results with more than half of pharmacists polled responding that they didn’t feel they could perform their jobs safely.¹³ The biggest reasons cited were a lack of adequate staffing and employer-imposed metrics, such as filling a specific number of prescriptions a day or providing service to patients within a set time.¹³

These added pressures are consistent with a reduction in the number of pharmacies. Chain pharmacies in particular have been reducing staffing levels and closing pharmacies while simultaneously burdening workers with additional duties.¹³ Staff who do not fill prescriptions or answer the phone fast enough or fail to solicit enough vaccinations reportedly may face discipline, reassignment, or termination.¹³ A former pharmacy school Dean likened the current working environment to the equivalent of a fast-food operation where workers feel pressured to race through every order.¹³

PAUSE AND PONDER: How has your job stress changed in the last few years? Have you seen errors in the workplace?

Consumers are also noticing problems or at least expressing a lack of confidence in pharmacists' attention to detail and public safety. Their concerns are not unfounded. A recent systematic review of 62 studies reported a pooled prevalence of dispensing errors across community, hospital, and other pharmacy settings of 1.6%.¹⁴ [It is difficult to accurately determine error rates due to differences in how studies are conducted, the definition of “error,” and other factors. Consequently, error rates vary widely among different studies. However, a generally accepted reasonable estimate of dispensing errors is approximately 1% to 2%.^15-17 This would represent approximately 67 to 134 million errors each year at the current prescription volume!]

Many factors may contribute to the occurrence of medication errors. An error may occur at any stage of therapy, including prescribing, transcribing, identifying the product, counseling, use by the patient, or monitoring. Errors can occur across all practice settings.¹⁷ Errors may result from an act of commission (e.g., dispensing the wrong drug or dose) or omission (e.g., failure to properly counsel a patient).^18,19 According to the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, the most common dispensing errors are dispensing an incorrect medication, dosage strength, or dosage form; miscalculating a dose; and failing to identify a drug interaction or contraindication.¹⁸Medication errors can cause a range of undesirable outcomes including adverse drug events (dangerous and unintended events), hospitalization, and even death.¹⁷

What’s Workload Got to Do with It?

A few lines of evidence suggest that errors may be associated with workload. Numerous studies have described a relationship between prescription volume and errors.^20-22A survey of pharmacists in Texas in 2001 found that the estimated risk of errors was positively related to the number of prescription orders filled per hour.²⁰

Other studies found that as prescription volume increased beyond 20 to 24 per hour, the number of errors increased significantly.^20-22 An earlier analysis by a prominent researcher also concluded that the rate of pharmacists’ errors increases after they fill more than 24 prescriptions an hour.²³

The potential for errors is no surprise to pharmacists.¹² One pharmacist reportedly wrote an anonymous letter to his State Board of Pharmacy saying, “I am a danger to the public working for (chain pharmacy).”¹²

Not only is the volume of prescriptions filled by a typical pharmacist a concern for its impact on the risk of errors, but the danger is aggravated by some pharmacy chains’ implementation of time guarantees, promising patients that prescriptions will be filled quickly.^1,12 While the guarantee should provide a benefit to the busy consumer, it is also a safety concern, since the haste to fulfill the guarantee may make it more likely that a medication error may occur. As one pharmacist interviewed by the New York Times wrote, “Metrics put unnecessary pressure on pharmacy staff to fill prescriptions as fast as possible, resulting in errors.”¹²One study of 49 community pharmacists, that had a robust response rate of 90.9%, found that the second most frequent source of error was “patient in a hurry.”²⁴

The former Dean quoted above also believes that “at … the huge pharmacies, errors are a cost of doing business.”¹³ One chain store pharmacist told a reporter that she was reprimanded for taking too long to verify prescriptions, even though her extra diligence had caught several serious mistakes.¹³

The major chains have made changes to address the pressures on pharmacists and promote a “better work-life balance” according to one chain spokesperson.¹³ Most now provide half-hour lunch breaks for staff and some have reduced pharmacy hours.¹³ However, pharmacists report that their workloads remain the same and that they are pressured to work through lunch or stay late to finish their tasks.¹³ Moreover, pharmacists report that when their hours were cut, they saw a corresponding decrease in their salary.¹³

PAUSE AND PONDER: What could be done to reduce workplace stress at your pharmacy?

PHARMACY DESERTS

Pharmacists are not the only ones strained when pharmacies close; it also increases the burden on patients who are left without easy access to pharmacies and their medications. This phenomenon, referred to as “pharmacy deserts,” creates disproportionate consequences for certain communities, notably in areas of patients with high levels of social vulnerability.²⁵ Poor access to pharmacies is often associated with lower medication adherence.²⁵

A pharmacy desert may be defined as a low-income urban area with no pharmacy within a mile radius for those with adequate vehicle access or half a mile for those with limited vehicle access. In rural areas, it refers to areas without an available pharmacy within a 10-mile radius for those with access to transportation.²⁶

The number of retail pharmacies in the U.S. declined by almost 4% (from 63,218 to 60,755) between 2018 and 2023.²⁷ The decrease was larger (5.9%) in rural communities. During the five-year period, 184 rural communities lost all of their retail pharmacies (although 195 rural communities gained retail pharmacies). The majority of the pharmacy losses in rural communities were among independent pharmacies.²⁷ Pharmacy closures were also more common in Black and Hispanic/Latino neighborhoods putting a further strain on health care accessibility in these communities.²⁵

EFFORTS TO CHANGE THE WORKPLACE

Recognition that the pharmacy workplace can contribute to staff burnout and risks to the public is growing. This has resulted in different types of reactions among various groups with the goal of improving the work environment.

Action By Pharmacists

Some pharmacists who have been adversely affected by the current working environment have responded. One action that pharmacists have taken is work stoppage with dozens and, at least in one case, hundreds of pharmacy personnel in chain stores calling out of work to protest working conditions.⁵ The pharmacists maintained that the increased focus on vaccinations added to their workload and made it more difficult for them to carry out their other duties and created a potentially unsafe condition. One pharmacist claimed that the chain has “turned into a vaccination clinic first and a pharmacy second” and added that “because immunizations are so profitable, filling prescriptions is almost an afterthought.”⁵ In at least one instance, pharmacist organizers planned to stage a multi-day nationwide walkout, termed “Pharmageddon,” to protest unsafe working conditions.²⁸

PAUSE AND PONDER: Under what conditions would you be supportive of pharmacists striking for better working conditions?

Action By Regulatory Agencies

Governmental and professional organizations that oversee the pharmacy profession have also become concerned with potentially unsafe conditions existing in the nation’s drugstores and have taken steps to change the workplace environment.

If a pharmacy staff member commits an error, a State Board of Pharmacy may take disciplinary action, but the application of the action differs among the states.²⁹ In the typical situation, the Board will learn of the incident when a patient or caregiver files a complaint, which the Board is obligated to investigate.^29,30 Most states do not have specific rules or regulations that specify that errors are actual regulatory violations, and most determinations are made on a case-by-case basis.³⁰

The most common types of punitive action include license suspension, probation, or revocation, and fines.³⁰ In a few states, incarceration is also a possible punitive action.³⁰ The most common bases for dispensing punitive action were to address public safety/health concerns and public complaints. At least two states (Maryland and Massachusetts) appear to take a nonpunitive approach, with a focus on system wide improvements rather than individual responsibility, and with punitive action reserved for pharmacists deemed incompetent.³⁰

A majority of state boards do not require pharmacies to report errors, and most investigations focus on pharmacists, not the conditions in their workplaces.¹² Someboards have instructed pharmacists in public meetings to quit or speak up if they believe conditions are unsafe. However, many pharmacists fear retaliation, knowing they could easily be replaced for doing so.¹²

Pharmacists have also reported that errors are not consistently disclosed, even internally.¹³ These pharmacists claim that small mistakes and those discovered early are routinely hidden or remain unreported especially by pharmacists who have previously made an error.¹³One California chain pharmacist believes that "for every error that gets found out, there will be an error that never gets caught."¹³ Pharmacists also say that even when they do report potentially fatal errors, no one from their companies investigates how they occurred or makes changes to prevent them from repeating.¹³ Obviously these actions put the pubic at risk.

PAUSE AND PONDER: Should the reporting of pharmacy errors to a regulatory body be mandated?

Many pharmacy organizations have advocated for workplace changes to reduce the number of errors, including the elimination of prescription time guarantees.¹⁶ The American Pharmacists Association approved a resolution in 2018 which “encourages the adoption of patient-centered quality and performance measures that align with safe delivery of patient care services, and opposes the setting and use of operational quotas or time-oriented metrics that negatively impact patient care and safety.”⁴

Similarly, the trade group The National Pharmacists Association, advocated for pharmacist dispensing limits more than 30 years ago as a means to promote safety. They recommended that a pharmacist fill no more than 15 prescriptions an hour.²³

The former Dean says, “I don’t think the boards of pharmacy or the colleges of pharmacy or the professional associations are doing enough to address the issues.”¹³However, in one recent event, the Nevada Board of Pharmacy fined and suspended the licenses of two pharmacists who mistakenly provided a pregnant woman with misoprostol instead of the fertility treatment she was prescribed.¹³ The Board also fined their chain pharmacy employer $10,000. However, the pharmacy’s lawyer objected to the fine saying they did nothing wrong, saying that “the only allegation” against the employer “is that they had these pharmacists.”¹³

Trends in State Intervention

Traditionally, state pharmacy boards and other regulatory bodies have considered sanctions after errors have occurred but have generally refused to intervene over workload complaints.¹³ They have seen their role as protecting consumer safety, not to intrude on what has been regarded as business decisions such as staffing metrics and workload.¹³ However, this stance has been changing.

As early as 2017, the Chicago City Council approved legislation that would limit pharmacists to filling a maximum of 10 prescriptions per hour and also required a 30-minute meal and two 15-minute bathroom breaks for pharmacists working at least a 7-hour shift.³¹ A pharmacy also would need to schedule at least 10 pharmacy technician hours per 100 prescriptions filled. The proposal came in response to an investigation by the Chicago Tribune which found that 52% of local pharmacies tested failed to warn a member of the investigative team of potentially serious or fatal drug interactions when presented with a pair of prescriptions.³¹

A few years later the state of Illinois went further, passing notable changes to their Pharmacy Practice Act in 2020 after the Tribune's undercover investigation.³¹The Act prohibits a pharmacy from requiring staff to work more than 12 continuous hours, including breaks, per day. This applies to pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and student pharmacists. It also requires at least one uninterrupted 30-minute meal break and another 15-minute break for a pharmacist working six or more continuous hours per day.³² The pharmacist may not work more than five continuous hours before being given the opportunity for a meal break and must be given access to a private break room if one is available.³²

The regulation permits the pharmacy to close during the break period but does not require closure. The pharmacist must be available for emergencies if the pharmacy remains open. Technicians and other authorized support staff may continue to perform normal duties while the pharmacist is on break, except for duties that require a pharmacist’s professional judgment. Prescriptions that have received final verification by a pharmacist and do not require counseling may be dispensed during the break period.³² If a mandated break period is not provided, the pharmacy must pay the pharmacist three times the pharmacist's regular hourly rate of pay for each workday with no break.

The Tribune’s investigation also prompted Illinois Senator Richard Durbin to call for nationwide policies to protect consumers, including asking the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to determine the prevalence of the problem and to provide guidance to pharmacy boards. He also asked the CDC to examine how workload, company performance metrics that track prescriptions, and the length of time consumers wait for prescriptions may impact patient safety and pharmacist errors.³³

Many years earlier (2007), North Carolina had passed a law restricting a pharmacist’s workday to no more than 12 continuous hours and required breaks for a shift of six hours or more.³¹

Other states have also considered regulations to reduce pharmacy stress, although many face opposition from employers. Minnesota is also considering a bill to require bathroom and meal breaks after pharmacists complained that they were afraid to drink liquids during a shift because they might not be able to get to the bathroom.³¹ New Hampshire also has enacted a rule permitting a 30-minute break for pharmacists who work more than eight hours. The new rule took more than four years to be implemented due to opposition from the pharmacy industry.³¹

The South Carolina board has discussed how to investigate conditions more thoroughly after a mistake. It also published a statement discouraging quotas and encouraging “employers to value patient safety over operational efficiency and financial targets.”³¹

PAUSE AND PONDER: Do you think that mandated breaks are beneficial in increasing safety in the pharmacy?

California recently instituted workplace regulations that go even further. The “Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act” enacted in 2024 allows the pharmacist in charge (PIC) to make staffing decisions “to ensure sufficient personnel are present in the pharmacy to prevent fatigue, distraction, or other conditions that may interfere with a pharmacist’s ability to practice competently and safely.”³⁵ The California Board of Pharmacy estimates that pharmacists make 5 million errors in the state per year, prompting the need for workplace changes.³⁶ If the PIC is not available, a pharmacist on duty may adjust staffing according to workload if needed.³⁵ The pharmacist on duty may also close the pharmacy if, in their opinion, staffing at the pharmacy is inadequate to provide patient care in a safe manner.³⁷

In addition, a chain community pharmacy is required to be staffed at all times during normal business hours (defined as 8:00 am to 7:00 pm) with at least one clerk or pharmacy technician fully dedicated to performing pharmacy-related services.³⁵ This requirement is waived if the pharmacy’s average daily prescription volume is less than 75 prescriptions per day. However, the exemption does not apply if the pharmacist is also expected to provide additional pharmacy services such as immunizations or tests.³⁵ The new regulations also expanded duties that can be performed by a technician including accepting prescription transfers and clarifications of prescriptions.³⁵

California also prohibits chain pharmacies from establishing a quota related to the duties for which a pharmacist or pharmacy technician license is required.³⁸ (A quota is defined as “a fixed number or formula related to the duties for which a pharmacist or pharmacy technician license is required, against which the chain community pharmacy or its agent measures or evaluates the number of times either an individual pharmacist or pharmacy technician performs tasks or provides services while on duty” and includes prescriptions filled and “services rendered” to patients.³⁸)

However, California and other states have found that enforcing these rules is challenging.¹³ The California State Board of Pharmacy, for example, is coping with routine violations by retail pharmacies that then fail to provide records to inspectors seeking to verify complaints.¹³

Oklahoma also recently established rules to ensure adequate staffing levels.³⁹ Pharmacists are expected to complete a form whenever they are concerned about inadequate staffing due to inadequate number of support personnel or excessive workload. Each pharmacy must review completed staffing reports and address any issues listed and document any corrective action taken or justification for inaction. The reports must be made available to the Board during inspections. There is also a prohibition against disciplinary action or retaliation against the pharmacist filing the report.³⁹

Virginia also passed temporary emergency regulations banning production quotas and increasing staffing in late 2024.¹³ Other states, including West Virginia, New York, and Illinois have attempted to pass legislation similar to California’s prohibition of the use of quotas for duties performed by pharmacists or technicians, but the legislation failed to pass.³⁶

The Ohio Board of Pharmacy also took steps to address the pharmacy staffing shortage with new rules in 2024.⁴⁰ One new rule requires pharmacies to “ensure sufficient personnel are scheduled to work at all times in order to minimize fatigue, distraction, or other conditions which interfere with a pharmacist’s ability to practice with reasonable competence and safety.” It also calls for staffing levels to be based on “other requirements” related to the practice of pharmacy and not solely based on prescription volume and also bans the use of “quotas” for “ancillary services.” (Quotas are defined as “a fixed number or formula related to the duties of pharmacy personnel, against which the pharmacy or its agent measures or evaluates the number of times either an individual performs tasks or provides services while on duty.^”40)

To alleviate burnout that can lead to mistakes filling prescriptions, Ohio’s new rules will require that all pharmacies give all employees working six hours or more an uninterrupted 30-minute break.⁴⁰ The pharmacy does not need to close during the break if the pharmacist remains on the premises and prescriptions may still be sold but the recipient must be provided with an offer to counsel. A person who wishes to speak with a pharmacist must be told that the pharmacist is on break and that they may wait to speak with the pharmacist or provide a telephone number for contact after the break.

Significantly, the new rules require pharmacies to develop a formal system so pharmacists can request additional staff. They also require pharmacy owners to act promptly on those requests and prohibit owners from retaliating against pharmacists who request extra help. A written response to the request must occur within 14 business days and a copy of the response must be maintained in the pharmacy for three years for inspection by the Board.⁴⁰

Ohio’s Board also reacted to patients reporting delays in receiving their medication.⁴¹ The new rules require new prescriptions to be filled within three business days and those subject to auto refill to be done within five.⁴⁰ (The rule has exemptions for shortages, delays in insurance coverage, and where the prescription requires clarification or raises suspicion about its safety or validity.⁴⁰)

Pharmacy chains opposed the new rules.¹³ One chain wrote that the “Board should stay focused on the regulation of the practice of pharmacy rather than the business of pharmacy.”¹³ Chain representatives acknowledged the challenges their pharmacists have faced but denied allegations of unsafe working conditions. They claimed that metrics based on measurable objectives such as quick prescription turnarounds, short telephone hold times, and vaccination volumes are standard within the industry and meant to assess quality rather than penalize staff.¹³

Another effort to reduce errors being considered by some states is mandatory error reporting.³⁷ Pennsylvania requires healthcare facilities to report all incidents of harm and may be the only state currently doing so.³⁷ In Canada, Nova Scotia became the first jurisdiction to implement a requirement for community pharmacies to anonymously report medication incidents to a national repository in 2010 and several other Canadian provinces have followed.⁴² The stated purpose of the repository is to improve medication safety in the community through evidence-informed recommendations for reducing preventable harm related to medications.⁴²

Another approach to reduce errors in the pharmacy is to free up the pharmacist from certain traditional tasks by placing greater reliance on technicians. A formalized program is termed tech-check-tech (TCT) and enables a trained pharmacy technician to perform the final verification on a prescription for which the pharmacist has previously performed the prospective drug utilization review.⁴³ The TCT concept dates back to at least 1978 and has been well validated in institutional pharmacy settings.⁴⁴ Studies have found that technicians perform at least as well as pharmacists in final verification activities in institutional settings and have demonstrated that utilization of technicians in this way allows pharmacists to devote one to five more hours per day to direct patient services.^43,44 While this expanded role for technicians is becoming common in institutional settings, few states have adopted it for use in the community pharmacy.⁴³

PAUSE AND PONDER: In your workplace, what additional tasks could certified technicians perform?

SUMMARY

To err is human, and pharmacy staff will make errors despite their best efforts. Errors can occur at any step during prescription processing. The error rate is not well validated due to many methodological variables, and estimates vary widely although 1% to 2% is a commonly accepted value. However, even at these low rates, the number of patients affected is large and the consequences, although usually minor, can be catastrophic. Pharmacy staffs, of course, do not want to commit errors and removing the triggers for errors is a worthy goal. Evidence supports the concept that workplace pressures and insufficient staffing, high prescription volume, and interruptions and distractions exacerbate the risk of errors. The trend towards reducing the number of pharmacies while expanding pharmacy services has added additional strains to the health care system. Patients have become more aware of the risks associated with the pharmacy environment and burnout. This has also lessened the public’s perception of pharmacists.

Concerns over errors have spurred a growing number of states to revise their Pharmacy Practice Acts to relieve some of the workload pressure on pharmacists. Typical changes include limits on the length of the workday, mandated breaks, limits on the number of prescriptions a pharmacist can dispense over time, and reconsideration of tracking metrics. However, these changes have encountered resistance by employers and implementation and enforcement are spotty. Other changes include expanding the use of technicians and allowing more time for pharmacists to provide services related to patient care. It remains to be seen whether more regulatory oversight of the workplace will impact the number of errors committed. In the meantime, pharmacists and technicians should be extra vigilant to avoid being the object of the next media investigation that casts the profession in a bad light and hope they do not become “a danger to the public.”

Law: Danger Behind the Counter?
Post-Test
Learning Objectives
After completing this continuing education activity, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians will be able to
1. Identify the occurrence of errors in the pharmacy
2. Characterize the perception of the workplace by patients and pharmacists
3. Describe actions taken by regulatory agencies to improve the pharmacy workplace.
4. Review the utilization of pharmacy personnel.

1. A study by J.D. Power in 2024 evaluated overall patient satisfaction with pharmacies. What percentage of respondents said their pharmacist is trustworthy?
A. About half
B. 75%
C. Nearly all

2. A recent poll in California asked pharmacists about their workplace environment. What did the results show?
A. Most pharmacists are completely or almost completely satisfied with their work-life balance.
B. Most pharmacists felt that management is responsive to their concerns about workplace stress.
C. Most pharmacists felt that pharmacy staffing was inadequate to ensure patient care.

3. Estimates of the frequency of pharmacy errors are inconsistent. Regardless, what is a generally accepted rate of errors?
A. 1 per thousand
B. 1-2 %
C. 5%-10%

4. One source of pharmacy stress is the added responsibility of administering vaccines. What proportion of COVID vaccines did pharmacy staffs administer during the pandemic?
A. 25%
B. 40 %
C. More than 50%

5. Harried pharmacist X makes a dispensing error and patient Y suffers a serious complication. (At least until recently) how would a typical state’s pharmacy board act in this situation?
A. Require the pharmacy to file an incident report about the error.
B. Hold the pharmacy, not the pharmacist, responsible for the error.
C. Take an action only if and after patient Y files a complaint.

6. More than 30 years ago, the National Pharmacists Association advocated for pharmacist dispensing limits. What did it recommend?
A. That a pharmacist fills no more than 15 prescriptions an hour.
B. That a pharmacist fills no more than 30 prescriptions an hour.
C. That a pharmacist fills no more than 300 prescriptions per day.

7. What prompted Chicago and the state of Illinois to enact pharmacy workplace regulations?
A. An increase in the number of complaints by pharmacists to the state board of pharmacy.
B. A pharmacist work stoppage.
C. An investigation by a local newspaper found that pharmacists failed to detect dangerous drug interactions.

8. California enacted the Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act in 2024. Which of the following is a component of the act?
A. Pharmacists are not permitted to work more than 45 hours per week unless the Board declares a state-wide pharmacist shortage, or the pharmacist is agreeable.
B. It increased the number of technicians a pharmacist is permitted to supervise, based on the prescription volume.
C. The state prohibits chain pharmacies from establishing a quota related to the duties for which a pharmacist or pharmacy technician license is required.

9. You have just been hired as pharmacist in charge of a chain pharmacy in Ohio. What does a new regulation in this state mandate?
A. You are permitted two 15-minute rest breaks and must close the pharmacy during these periods.
B. You cannot be required to work more than 12 continuous hours in one day.
C. You must have at least two certified technicians available at all times so that the pharmacy is open.

10. The tech-check-tech program encourages qualified technicians to perform a task that is normally performed by a pharmacist. What task is recommended?
A. Perform final verification on prescriptions if a pharmacist has previously performed prospective drug utilization review.
B. Contact the prescriber to clarify prescriptions whenever the technician suspects any kind of error.
C. Counsel patients receiving a select group of medications, relying on a script approved by the pharmacist.

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https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

https://casetext.com/regulation/oklahoma-administrative-code/title-535-oklahoma-state-board-of-pharmacy/chapter-15-pharmacies/subchapter-3-pharmacies/section-53515-3-16-adequate-staffing-rules-for-pharmacists-and-pharmacies

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

REFERENCES

Semuels A. Why Your Pharmacy Experience is Miserable. Time. September 18, 2024.

Accessed from:

https://time.com/7022116/pharmacies-struggling/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20240920+++body&et_rid=273534511&lctg=273534511

Rebelo A. US Survey Signals Big Shifts in Primary Care to Pharmacy and Clinic Settings as Consumers Seek Lower Medication and Healthcare Costs. Wolters Kluver. December 7, 2022. Accessed from:

https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/news/us-survey-signals-big-shifts-in-primary-care-to-pharmacy-and-clinic-settings

JD Power. As Mail Order Pharmacies Continue to Climb in Customer Satisfaction, Chain Drug Stores Fall Behind, J.D. Power Finds. JD Power. July 30, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/file/2024-07/2024074%20U.S.%20Pharmacy.pdf

American Pharmacists Association. APhA and NASPA Release Eighth PWWR Report and Learnings. March 18, 2024. Accessed from:

https://www.pharmacist.com/APhA-Press-Releases/apha-and-naspa-release-eighth-pwwr-report-and-learnings

Goodkind N. Why Walgreens Pharmacy Workers Are Walking Off the Job. CNN Business. October 10, 2023. Accessed from:

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/economy/walgreens-pharmacy-walkouts/index.html

Schommer JC, Gaither CA, Lee S, et al. 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey. American Pharmacists Association. Final Report April 2022.

Accessed from:

https://naspa.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/National-State-Based-Pharmacy-Workplace-Survey-Final-Report-APRIL-2022-FINAL.pdf#page=12.06

Total number of medical prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. from 2009 to 2022.

Statista. Accessed from:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/238702/us-total-medical-prescriptions-issued/

Wittenauer R, Shah PD, Bacci JL, Stergachis A. Locations and Characteristics of Pharmacy Deserts in the United States: A Geospatial Study. Health Aff Sch. 2024; 2(4):qxae035. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae035. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11034534/

Grabenstein JD. Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2022;62(6):1929-1945.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.010. Epub 2022 Aug 18. PMID: 36202712; PMCID: PMC9387064. Accessed from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9387064/

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

Gabler E. At Walgreens, Complaints of Medication Errors Go Missing. NY Times. Updated October 13, 2021. Accessed from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/health/pharmacies-prescription-errors.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/health/pharmacists-medication-errors.html

Le Coz E. Prescription for Disaster: America's Broken Pharmacy System in Revolt Over Burnout and Errors. USA Today. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/10/26/pharmacy-chains-dangerous-conditions-medication-errors/71153960007/

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

Um IS, Clough A, Tan ECK. Dispensing error rates in pharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.003. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123004552?via%3Dihub

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Medication Errors. July 18, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.amcp.org/about/managed-care-pharmacy-101/concepts-managed-care-pharmacy/medication-errors

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0004?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, et al. Accuracy of Dispensing in a High-Volume, Hospital Based Outpatient Pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;512:793–7.

Allan EL, Barker KN, Malloy M, et al. Dispensing errors and counseling in community practice. Am Pharm 1995; NS35:25–33.

Hendren J. Overwork Threatens Druggists” Accuracy. LA Times. February 27, 2000. Retrieved from:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-27-mn-3125-story.html

Lopes J, Joaquim J, Matos C, Pires T. Medication errors in Community Pharmacy: Potencial Causes and strategies for Prevention. Clin Therap. 2015; 37(8 Supp): E119 (Abstract). Retrieved from:

https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(15)00648-7/fulltext

Catalano G, Khan MMM, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Pharmacy Accessibility and Social Vulnerability. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429755. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29755. Retrieved from:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822776

Trend: What is a Pharmacy Desert? TelePharm. Retrieved from:

https://blog.telepharm.com/what-is-a-pharmacy-desert

Constantin J, Ullrich F, Mueller, KJ. Rural and Urban Pharmacy Presence – Pharmacy Deserts. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis Rural Policy Brief. August 2022. Retrieved from:

https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2022/Pharmacy%20Deserts.pdf

Constantino AK. Some Pharmacy Staff from Walgreens, Other Chains Are Walking Out Again — Here’s What You Need To Know. CNBC. October 29, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/29/pharmacy-staff-from-walgreens-chains-like-cvs-to-walk-out-again.html

Adams AJ, Frost TP. Expunging Board of Pharmacy Disciplinary Actions. Innov Pharm. 2023;14(1):10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. doi: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5219. PMID: 38035318; PMCID: PMC10686669. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686669/#:~:text=Boards%20of%20pharmacy%20have%20the,practice%20restrictions%2C%20fines%20and%20reprimands.

Holdsworth M, Wittstrom K, Yeitrakis T. Current Approaches to Punitive Action for Medication Errors by Boards of Pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(4):475-81. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R668. Epub 2013 Apr 2. PMID: 23548647.

Long R. Chicago Moves Closer To Easing Pharmacist Workload. Chicago Tribune. October 10, 2017, Updated June 14, 2024. October 26, 2023. Retrieved from:

https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/10/10/chicago-moves-closer-to-easing-pharmacist-workload/

Illinois Statutes Ch 225. § 85/15.1. Pharmacy working conditions. Retrieved from:

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022500850K15.1.htm

Long R, Roe S. After Tribune Investigation, Durbin Pushes Interactive Drug Protection for Consumers. Cap Gazette. December 16, 2016. Retrieved from:

https://www.capitalgazette.com/ct-drug-interactions-durbin-pharmacy-20161216-story.html

21 NC Admin Code 46 .2512. Pharmacist Work Conditions. Retrieved from:

https://regulations.justia.com/states/north-carolina/title-21/chapter-46/section-2500/section-46-2512/

California. Stop Dangerous Pharmacies Act (AB 1286). 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/publications/ab1286_faqs.pdf

California State Board of Pharmacy. Medication Error Reduction and Workforce Chair Report. November 16, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/meetings/agendas/2022/22_nov_med_mat.pdf

California Board of Pharmacy Considers New Legislation Regarding Pharmacy Workplace Conditions. Quarles Newsletter. December 19, 2022. Retrieved from:

https://www.quarles.com/newsroom/publications/california-board-of-pharmacy-continues-to-tackle-concerns-surrounding-pharmacy-workplace-conditions

California Business and Professional Code. 4113.7. Retrieved from:

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4113.7.&lawCode=BPC

Oklahoma Admin Code. Section 535:15-3-16 - Adequate Staffing Rules for Pharmacists and Pharmacies. Retrieved from:

Ohio Board of Pharmacy. Outpatient Pharmacies Minimum Standards. Updated May1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://www.pharmacy.ohio.gov/documents/licensing/tddd/general/outpatient%20pharmacy%20minimum%20standards.pdf

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/04/01/new-ohio-pharmacy-rules-to-take-effect-in-may/

The National Incident Data Repository for Community Pharmacies (NIDR)

Information and Frequently Asked Questions. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. September 2023. Retrieved from:

https://ismpcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/NIDR-faq.pdf

Frost TP, Adams AJ. Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(2):47–52. doi: 10.1177/8755122516683519. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMCID: PMC5998445. Retrieved from:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5998445/#:~:text=TCT%20enables%20a%20specially%20trained,in%20an%20automated%20dispensing%20system.

Learning Objectives

Accreditation Statements

Disclosure of Discussions of Off-label and Investigational Drug Use

Faculty

Faculty Disclosure

ABSTRACT

CONTENT

Content

Pharmacist & Pharmacy Technician Post Test (for viewing only)

References

Full List of References

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from:

10. Roe S, Long R, King K. Pharmacists Miss Half of Dangerous Drug Combinations. Chicago Tribune. December 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-drug-interactions-pharmacy-met-20161214-story.html

12. Gabler E. How Chaos at Chain Pharmacies is Putting Patients at Risk. NY Times. January 31, 2020. Retrieved from:

14. Bond CA Raehl CL. Pharmacists' Assessment of Dispensing Errors: Risk Factors, Practice Sites, Professional Functions, and Satisfaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21(5): 614-626.

15. Flynn EA, Barker KN, Carnahan BJ. National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies. J APhA. 2001; 43(2): 191-200.

16. Campbell PJ, Patel M, Martin JR, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ Open Qual. 2018;7(4):e000193. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000193. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173242/

19. James L, BM, Barlow D, McArtney R, et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009; 17(1): 9-30. Retrieved from:

20. Pervanas HC, Revell N, Alotaibi AF. Evaluation of Medication Errors in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Retrospective Report. J Pharm Technol. 2016; 32(2): 71-74.

41. Schladen M. New Ohio Pharmacy Rules to Take Effect in May. Ohio Cap J. April 1, 2024. Retrieved from: